Tourism in Perspective

Tourism in Perspective1 LEARNING OBJECTIVESUnderstand what tourism is and its many definitions.Learn the components of tourism and tourism management.Examine the various approaches to studying tourism.Appreciate how important this industry is to the economy of the world and of many countries.Know the benefits and costs of tourism.DEFINITION OF TOURISMTourism may be defined as the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors. UNWTO DEFINITION OF TOURISMTourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.Source: UNWTOVISITORA “visitor” is defined as those persons who travel to a country other than that in which they have their usual residence but outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.(1) Tourists in international technical definitions.(2) Excursionists in international technical definitions.(3) Travelers whose trips are shorter than those that qualify for travel and tourism; e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from home.(4) Students traveling between home and school only -- other travel of students is within scope of travel and tourism.(5) All persons moving to a new place of residence including all one-way travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants, refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERSTHE TOURISM PHENOMENON:COMPONENTS OF TOURISM AND TOURISM MANAGEMENTNATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTCLIMATEPHSYIOGRAPHYPEOPLEIndustry -- Residents -- VisitorsBUILT ENVIRONMENTINFORMATIONSUPERSTRUCTUREINFRASTRUCTURECULTURETECHNOLOGYGOVERNANCEOPERATING SECTORS OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRYTravel TradeSectorAccommodationSectorEvents SectorTransportationSectorAdventure & OutdoorRecreation SectorFood ServicesSectorAttractions SectorEntertainmentSectorTourismServicesCatalyst, Planning, Development, Promotion, and Management OrganizationsPrivate Sector ComponentsPublic Sector ComponentsWorld & NationalTravel IndustryAssociationsWorld & NationalGovernmentTourism OfficesState and ProvincialGovernmentTourism OfficesLocal & CityGovernmentTourismDepartmentsLocal & RegionalTourism Associations/Convention & VisitorBureausState and ProvincialTravel IndustryAssociationsSPIRIT OF HOSPITALITYPhilosophyPolicyVisionStrategyPlanningDevelopmentMarketingStewardshipBehaviorsExperiencesMonitoringEvaluationOrganizationResearchVisitationImpactsTHE PROCESSES, ACTIVITIES, AND OUTCOMES OF TOURISMCAREERS IN TOURISMTHETOURISTDISCIPLINARY INPUTS TO THE TOURISM FIELDSource: WTTCTRAVEL AND TOURISM -WORLD’S LARGEST INDUSTRYIn 2011 it is estimated to account for some:$5.9 trillion of Economic Activity258.5 million jobsIn 2021 it is estimated to account for:$11.9 trillion of Economic Activity323.8 million jobsTRAVEL AND TOURISM CANGROW BY 4% PER YEARTravel and Tourism will continue to expand faster than the economy as a whole and faster than comparable industries.By 2021 Travel & Tourism is expected to account for: $11.9 trillion 323.8 million employeesGrowth depends on enlightened government policySource: WTTCWORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM DESTINATIONS 2009Source: UNWTO International Tourist Arrivals Rank, (million) % Change 2009 Country 2009 2009/08 1 France 74.2 -6.3 2 United States 54.9 --5.3 3 Spain 52.2 -8.7 4 China 50.9 -4.1 5 Italy 43.2 1.2 WORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM DESTINATIONS 2010Source: UNWTO International Tourist Arrivals Rank, (million) % Change 2010 Country 2010 2010/09 1 France 76.8 0.0 2 United States 59.7 8.7n 3 China 55.7 9.4 4 Spain 52.7 1.0 5 Italy 43.6 0.9 International Tourism Receipts Rank, (US$ billion) % Change 2009 Country 2009 2009/08 1 United States 93.9 -14.6 2 Spain 53.2 -9.0 3 France 49.4 -7.9 4 Italy 40.2 -7.2 5 China 39.7 -2.9Source: UNWTOWORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM EARNERS 2009 International Tourism Receipts Rank, (US$ billion) % Change 2010 Country 2010 2010/09 1 United States 103.5 9.9 2 Spain 52.5 -1.2 3 France 46.3 -6.2 4 China 45.8 15.5 5 Italy 38.7 -3.6Source: UNWTOWORLD’S TOP 5 TOURISM EARNERS 2010TOURISM:WHAT IT MEANS TO THE U.S. ECONOMYTravel spending in U.S. is projected to total $738.5 billion in 2010.Tourism is the nation’s third largest retail industry.Tourism is the nation’s largest service export.Over 7.4 million Americans employed directly in the travel industry, 9 million indirectly for a total of over 16 million jobs.Tourism provides more than 684,000 executive level positions in each year.Travel industry provides a disproportionate number of jobs for the traditionally disadvantaged.Source: U.S. Travel AssociationBENEFITS OF TOURISM - ECONOMICProvides employment opportunitiesGenerates foreign exchangeIncreases IncomesIncreases GNPCan be built on existing infrastructureDevelops an infrastructure that will also help stimulate local commerce and industryCan be developed with local products and resourcesDiversifies the economy Tends to be compatible with other economic activitiesSpreads developmentHigh multiplier impactIncreases governmental revenuesBENEFITS OF TOURISM - SOCIALBroadens educational and cultural horizonsImproves quality of life - higher incomes and improved standards of livingJustifies environmental protection and improvementProvides tourist and recreational facilities that may be used by a local populationBENEFITS OF TOURISM - CULTURALReinforces preservation of heritage and traditionVisitor interest in local culture provides employment for artists, musicians and other performing artists enhancing cultural heritageBreaks down language barriers, sociocultural barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political barriers, and religious barriersCreates a favorable worldwide image for a destinationPromotes a global communityPromotes international understanding and peaceDISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM - ECONOMICDevelops excess demandResults in high leakageCreates difficulties of seasonalityCauses inflationCan result in unbalanced economic developmentIncreases vulnerability to economic and political changesDISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM - SOCIALCreates social problemsDegrades the natural physical environment and creates pollutionDegrades the cultural environmentThreatens family structureCommercializes culture, religion, and the artsCreates misunderstandingCreates conflicts in the host societyContributes to disease, economic fluctuation, and transportation problems