School-based universal prevention programs for pediatric obesity: State of the literature, future directions, and policy implications

ined the inclusion of parents as a component of a universal prevention, but results from weight-loss treatment studies show that parents have the ability to influence children’s dietary habits, but found no impact of parental inclusion on children’s weight loss (Ells et al., 2005). Although the role of parents will vary throughout development, parents might be encouraged to eat meals with their children in elementary school, come to the school themselves for parent classes on nutrition, exercise, and health, and participate in physical activities at the school during the school day or after hours and on weekends (Story et al., 2006). 6. Policy Implications States have begun to address the pediatric obesity epidemic. Current policies that are being introduced by states include a re-emphasis on nutrition and physical education through curricular means, changing the school environments to be more consistent with messages of health and well-being, and restricting access to vending machines and changing the type of food that is offered through them (Rosenthal & Chang, 2004). A smaller number of states are focused on educating education departments about weight and working with community groups (Rosenthal & Chang, 2004). It is commendable that legislation is being passed to help reduce the pediatric obesity, but it is important that policies be firmly grounded in empirical evidence. At this point, there is not sufficient evidence to support changes to current school policies (Katz et al., 2005). However, there are several areas of policy that suggest priorities for high-quality prevention research. Observational studies suggest that adding one hour of physical education class per week will decrease BMI in students, particularly females (Datar & Sturm, 2004). Research also suggests that limiting access to food and beverages and reducing the amount of food used as rewards in classrooms can decrease BMI (Kubik et al., 2005). Thus, these practices should be tested to determine whether the additional physical education and reduced opportunity to consume food and beverage are causally related to obesity. The federal government could support this research by requesting proposals consistent with these goals as well as providing a clearinghouse that will connect researchers and state departments of education and/or local school districts who are interested in being involved in this research. This funding should come from multiple federal agencies so that the burden can be shared across agencies such SCHOOL- BASED UNIVERSAL PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR PEDIATRIC OBESITY: STATE OF THE... PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE EDUCATION FOR ALL KỶ YẾU HỘI THẢO QUỐC TẾ: GIÁO DỤC CHO MỌI NGƯỜI 352 as the Department of Education, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Agriculture, and the National Institutes of Health. 7. Conclusion In summary, pediatric obesity is a health concern that will be best addressed through multiple levels of prevention and intervention. One promising venue for universal prevention efforts are public and private schools. Research has shown school-based preventions can be effective in reducing overweight and obesity in youth, but fewer studies have examined universal prevention programs in schools. More research is needed to determine which policies should be implemented or modified to reduce the prevalence and incidence of pediatric obesity and the lifetime health consequences that are associated with it. References. 1. Austin, S. B., Field, A. E., Wiecha, J., Peterson, K. E., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2005). The impact of a school-based obesity prevention trial on disordered weight-control behaviors in early adolescent girls. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 225-230. 2. Caballero, B., Clay, T., Davis, S. M., Ethelbah, B., Rock, B. H., Lohman, T. et al. (2003). Pathways: A school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian schoolchildren. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78, 1030-1038. 3. Carrel, A. L., Clark, R., Peterson, S. E., Nemeth, B. A., Sullivan, J., & Allen, D. B. (2005). Improvment of fitness, body composition, and insulin sensitivity in overweight children in a school-based exercise program. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 963-968. 4. Datar, A., & Sturm, R. (2004). Physical Education in Elementary School and Body Mass Index: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1501-1506. 5. Donnelly, J. E., Jacobsen, D.J., Whatley, J.E., Hill, J.O., Swift, L.L., Cherrington, A., et al. (1996). Nutrition and physical activity program to attenuate obesity and promote physical and metabolic fitness in elementary school children. Obesity Research, 4, 229-243. 6. Ells, L. J., Campbell, K., Lidstone, J., Kelly, S., Lang, R. & Summerbell, C. (2005). Prevention of childhood obesity. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 19, 441-454. 353 7. Gortmaker, S. L., Peterson, K., Wiecha, J., Sobol, A. M., Dixit, S., Fox, M. K. et al. (1999). Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 409-418. 8. Haddock, C. K., Shadish, W.R., Klesges, R.C., & Stein, R.J. (1994). Treatments for childhood and adolescent obesity. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16, 235-244. 9. James, J., & Kerr, D. (2005). Prevention of childhood obesity by reducing soft drinks. International Journal of Obesity, 29, S54-S57. 10. Katz, D. L., O’Connell, M., Yeh, M.-C., Nawaz, H., Njike, V., Anderson, L. M. et al. (2005). Public Health Strategies for Preventing and Controlling Overweight and Obesity in School and Worksite Settings. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11. Kubik, M. Y., Lytle, L. A., & Story, M. (2005). Schoolwide food practices are associated with Body Mass Index in middle school students. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 1111-1114. 12. Rosenthal, J., & Chang, D. (2004). State Approaches to Childhood Obesity: A Snapshot of Promising Practices and Lessons Learned. Portland, ME: National Academy for State Health Policy. 13. Spiegel, S. A., & Foulk, D. (2006). Reducing overweight through a multidisciplinary school-based intervention. Obesity, 14, 88-96. 14. Story, M. (1999). School-based approaches for preventing and treating obesity. International Journal of Obesity, Supp 2, S43-S51. 15. Story, M., Kaphingst, K. M., & French, S. (2006). The role of schools in obesity prevention. The Future of Children, 16, 109-142. 16. Thanh CTY, Khan NC, Dat DT (2004). Childhood overweight and obesity among primary school children in inner Buon Ma Thuot City, 2004. J Food Nutr Sci. 2006; 2: 49-53. 17. Vietnam: Childhood obesity on the rise. (2016, Jul 26). Asia News Monitor Retrieved from com.proxy.library.vanderbilt.edu/docview/1806517263?accountid=14816 18. Wiecha, J. L., El Ayadi, A. M., Fuemmeler, B. F., Carter, J. E., Handler, S. Johnson, S. et al. (2004). Diffusion of an integrated health education program in an urban school setting: Planet Health. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 29, 467-474. 19. World Health Organization. (1997). Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic - Report of the WHO Consultation on Obesity. Geneva: WHO. SCHOOL- BASED UNIVERSAL PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR PEDIATRIC OBESITY: STATE OF THE... 354 CÁC CHƯƠNG TRÌNH PHÒNG NGỪA BÉO PHÌ TRÊN CƠ SỞ TRƯỜNG HỌC: TỔNG QUAN, HƯỚNG NGHIÊN CỨU VÀ CÁC HÀM Ý CHÍNH SÁCH PGS.TS.Trần Thành Nam1 Tóm tắt: Béo phì ở trẻ em là một vấn đề y tế ngày càng được sự quan tâm của cộng đồng. Cho đến nay, những thành tích trong công cuộc phòng chống và can thiệp béo phì ở trẻ còn nhiều hạn chế. Nguyên nhân có thể do những khó khăn trong việc tiếp cận và lôi kéo các bên cùng góp tay tham gia công cuộc phòng chống và can thiệp béo phì. Theo chúng tôi thấy trường học là một nơi lý tưởng để cung cấp các dịch vụ y tế dự phòng. Vì vậy, bài báo này sẽ thảo luận về vai trò của nhà trường trong việc ngăn ngừa chứng béo phì ở trẻ. 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