Quản trị kinh doanh - Chapter 7: Supplement facility location models

Chapter 7 SupplementFacility Location ModelsLecture OutlineTypes of FacilitiesSite Selection: Where to LocateGlobal Supply Chain FactorsLocation Analysis TechniquesCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-2Types of FacilitiesHeavy-manufacturing facilitieslarge, require a lot of space, and are expensiveLight-industry facilitiessmaller, cleaner plants and usually less costlyRetail and service facilitiessmallest and least costlyCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-3Factors in Heavy Manufacturing LocationCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-4Construction costsLand costsRaw material & finished goods shipment modesProximity to raw materialsUtilitiesMeans of waste disposalLabor availabilityFactors in Light Industry LocationLand costsTransportation costsProximity to marketsdepending on delivery requirements including frequency of delivery required by customerCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-5Factors in Retail LocationCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-6Proximity to customersLocation is everythingSite Selection: Where to LocateInfrequent but importantbeing “in the right place at the right time”Must consider other factors, especially financial considerationsLocation decisions made more often for service operations than manufacturing facilitiesLocation criteria for serviceaccess to customersLocation criteria for manufacturing facilitynature of labor forcelabor costsproximity to suppliers and marketsdistribution and transportation costsenergy availability and costcommunity infrastructurequality of life in community government regulations and taxesCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-7Global Supply Chain FactorsGovernment stabilityGovernment regulationsPolitical & economic systemsEconomic stability & growthExchange ratesCultureExport/import regulations, duties & tariffsRaw material availabilityClimate Number & proximity of suppliersTransportation & distribution systemLabor cost & educationAvailable technologyCommercial travelTechnical expertiseCross-border trade regulationsGroup trade agreementsCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-8Regional and Community Location Factors in U.S.Labor (availability, education, cost, and unions)Proximity of customersNumber of customersConstruction/leasing costsLand costModes and quality of transportationTransportation costsCommunity government Local business regulationsGovernment services (e.g., Chamber of Commerce)Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-9Regional and Community Location Factors in U.S.Business climateCommunity servicesIncentive packagesGovernment regulationsEnvironmental regs.Raw material availabilityCommercial travelClimateInfrastructure (road & utilities)Quality of lifeTaxesAvailability of sitesFinancial servicesCommunity inducementsProximity of suppliersEducation systemCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-10Location IncentivesCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-11Tax creditsRelaxed government regulationJob trainingInfrastructure improvementMoneyGeographic Information Systems (GIS)Computerized system for storing, managing, creating, analyzing, integrating, and digitally displaying geographic, i.e., spatial, dataSpecifically used for site selectionEnables users to integrate large quantities of information about potential sites and analyze these data with many different, powerful analytical toolsCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-12GIS DiagramCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-13Location Analysis TechniquesCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-14Location factor ratingCenter-of-gravityLoad-distanceLocation Factor RatingCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-15Identify important factorsWeight factors (0.00 - 1.00)Subjectively score each factor (0 - 100)Sum weighted scoresLocation Factor RatingCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-16Labor pool and climateProximity to suppliersWage ratesCommunity environmentProximity to customersShipping modesAir serviceLOCATION FACTOR.30.20.15.15.10.05.05WEIGHT801006075658550Site 165919580909265Site 290757280956590Site 3SCORES (0 TO 100)Weighted Score for “Labor pool and climate” for Site 1 = (0.30)(80) = 24Location Factor RatingCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-1724.0020.009.0011.256.504.252.5077.50Site 119.5018.2014.2512.009.004.603.2580.80Site 227.0015.0010.8012.009.503.254.5082.05Site 3WEIGHTED SCORESSite 3 has the highest factor ratingLocation Factor Rating With ExcelSupplement 7-18Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Location Factor Rating With OM ToolsCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-19Center-of-Gravity TechniqueCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-20Locate facility at center of movement in geographic area Based on weight and distance traveled; establishes grid-map of areaIdentify coordinates and weights shipped for each locationGrid-Map CoordinatesCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-21where, x, y = coordinates of new facility at center of gravity xi, yi = coordinates of existing facility i Wi = annual weight shipped from facility inWii = 1xiWii = 1nx =nWii = 1yiWii = 1ny =x1x2x3xy2yy1y31 (x1, y1), W12 (x2, y2), W23 (x3, y3), W3Center-of-Gravity TechniqueCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-22 A B C Dx 200 100 250 500y 200 500 600 300W 75 105 135 60y7005006004003002001000x700500600400300200100ABCD(135)(105)(75)(60)MilesMilesCenter-of-Gravity TechniqueCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-23x = = = 238nWii = 1xiWii = 1nnWii = 1yiWii = 1ny = = = 444(200)(75) + (500)(105) + (600)(135) + (300)(60)75 + 105 + 135 + 60(200)(75) + (100)(105) + (250)(135) + (500)(60)75 + 105 + 135 + 60Center-of-Gravity TechniqueCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-24 A B C Dx 200 100 250 500y 200 500 600 300W 75 105 135 60y7005006004003002001000x700500600400300200100ABCD(135)(105)(75)(60)MilesMilesCenter of gravity (238, 444)Center-of-Gravity With ExcelSupplement 7-25Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Formula for x coordinateCenter-of-Gravity With OM Tools Supplement 7-26Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Load-Distance TechniqueCompute (Load x Distance) for each siteChoose site with lowest (Load x Distance)Distance can be actual or straight-lineCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-27Load-Distance CalculationsCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-28li dii = 1nLD =LD = load-distance valueli = load expressed as a weight, number of trips or units being shipped from proposed site and location idi = distance between proposed site and location idi = (xi - x)2 + (yi - y)2(x,y) = coordinates of proposed site(xi , yi) = coordinates of existing facilitywhere,where,Load-DistanceCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-29Potential SitesSite X Y1 360 1802 420 4503 250 400 Suppliers A B C DX 200 100 250 500Y 200 500 600 300Wt 75 105 135 60Compute distance from each site to each supplier= (200-360)2 + (200-180)2dA = (xA - x1)2 + (yA - y1)2Site 1= 161.2= (100-360)2 + (500-180)2dB = (xB - x1)2 + (yB - y1)2= 412.3dC = 434.2dD = 184.4Load-DistanceCopyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-30Site 2dA = 333dC = 226.7dB = 323.9dD = 170Site 3dA = 206.2dC = 200dB = 180.3dD = 269.3Compute load-distancei = 1nli diLD =Site 1 = (75)(161.2) + (105)(412.3) + (135)(434.2) + (60)(434.4) = 125,063Site 2 = (75)(333) + (105)(323.9) + (135)(226.7) + (60)(170) = 99,789Site 3 = (75)(206.2) + (105)(180.3) + (135)(200) + (60)(269.3) = 77,555** Choose site 3Load-Distance With ExcelSupplement 7-31Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.=B7*C11+C7*C12+D7*C13+E7*C14Load-Distance With OM ToolsSupplement 7-32Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Supplement 7-33Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.All rights reserved. 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