Kinh tế học - Chapter 2: Demand and Supply: The Basics of the Market Economy

Chapter 2Demand and Supply: The Basics of the Market EconomyMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Learning ObjectivesDescribe key elements of a market. Explain how the price in a market affects the quantity demanded.Explain how the price in a market affects the quantity supplied.Discuss why the number of markets can increase.2-2Key Elements of a Market Markets consist of buyers and sellers.Voluntary exchange of a product for moneyProduct is a good or service.Price is the rate at which exchange takes place. Starbucks is an example of a market.Seller of coffee; but also buyer of coffee beans and employee hours.2-3Local, National, and Global MarketsMarkets differ geographically.Local markets - buyers and sellers are close to each otherPersonal services are an example of a local market (e.g., dry cleaning).National market - transactions conducted across the countryStock transactions are an example of a national market.2-4Local, National, and Global MarketsGlobal market - goods and services are sold anywhere in the worldOil is a product sold in the global market.Price of oil is determined by global supply and demandThe internet has transformed local markets into national and global ones. As a result, more goods and services are traded in the national market.The online auction market created by eBay has played a major role.2-5Prices DefinedThe market price is defined as the typical price at which goods and services are exchanged in a market. Identifying the price is not always easy.Sale price: seller lowers typical priceNegotiated price:Set by bargaining between buyers and sellersDiffers from sticker priceCommon in markets for big-ticket items such as automobiles2-6Prices DefinedOften, prices are lowered for large, bulk purchases (volume discount).Purchases at warehouse stores such as Costco and Sam’s Club are examples.Purchases made ahead of their use result in lower prices (advance purchase discounts).Purchasing an airline ticket is an example.2-7Demand DefinedQuantity demanded is the amount of a good or service the buyer is willing to purchase.The quantity demanded for a good or service varies with the price.A demand schedule is the relation between the quantity demanded and the selling price.2-8Demand DefinedDemand schedule is based on ceteris paribus – all other things equal.Ceteris paribus assumes that the factors (other than price) that affect demand do not change.These factors include consumer incomes and taste, price of related goods, etc.2-9Law of DemandThe law of demand states that there is an inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price.As prices go up, people buy less, so quantity demanded goes down.As prices go down, people buy more, so quantity demanded goes up.A good example of the law of demand: the iPhone.Many goods allow unlimited consumption after paying an initial fee.Examples include cell phones, cable plans, and broadband access.2-10Demand CurveThe demand curve is the graphic representation of the demand schedule.All the possible different prices are shown on the vertical axis (y-axis).All the possible different quantity demands are shown on the horizontal axis (x-axis).The demand curve is downward-sloping due to the law of demand.2-11Demand Schedule for Coffee Price per Cup (Dollars)Quantity Demanded(Cups per Week)$1.0018$2.0015$3.0012$4.009$5.006$6.0032-12Demand Curve for Coffee$0.00$1.00$2.00$3.00$4.00$5.00$6.00$7.00369121518Quantity demanded (cups per week)Price per cupDemad A2-13Supply DefinedQuantity supplied is the amount of a good or service that the seller is willing to produce at various prices.Quantity supplied for a good or service varies with price.A supply schedule is the relationship between quantity supplied and the selling price.Supply schedule is again based on ceteris paribus conditions.2-14Law of SupplyThe law of supply states that there is a direct relationship between quantity supplied and price.As prices go up, businesses have an incentive to produce more, so quantity supplied goes up.If prices go down, businesses produce less, so quantity supplied goes down.The labor market is a good example of the law of supply.Price of labor is the wage rate.2-15Supply CurveThe supply curve is the graphic representation of the supply schedule.All the possible different prices are shown on the vertical axis (y-axis).All the possible different quantity supplies are shown on the horizontal axis (x-axis).The supply curve is upward-sloping due to the law of supply.2-16Supply Schedule for Lawn MowingMarket Price per Lawn Mowed (Dollars)Quantity Supplied(Lawns Mowed per Week) $5.005$10.0015$15.0025$20.00352-17Supply Curve for Lawn Mowing$-$5.00$10.00$15.00$20.00$25.000510152025303540Quantity supplied (lawns mowed per week)Price per lawn mowedSupply curveA2-18New MarketsDemand and supply schedules describe behavior in existing markets.New markets - created due to technology and to meet changing needs of consumers.New products - include iPad, the iPhone, etc.One major advantage of the market-based economy is the ability to adjust to changes in consumer demand and technological advances.2-19