Kinh tế học - Chapter 12: business influence on government and public policy

© 2015 Cengage Learning1Chapter 12Business Influence on Government and Public Policy© 2015 Cengage Learning2Learning OutcomesDescribe the evolution of corporate political participation.Differentiate among the different levels at which business lobbying occurs.Explain the phenomenon of political action committees (PACs) in terms of their historical growth, the magnitude of their activity, and the arguments for and against them.Define coalitions and describe the critical role they now assume in corporate political involvement.Discuss the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act and other issues surrounding campaign financing.Outline the principal strategic approaches to political activism that firms are employing.© 2015 Cengage Learning3Chapter OutlineCorporate Political ParticipationCorporate Political SpendingPolitical Action CommitteesAgency IssuesPolitical Accountability and TransparencyStrategies for Corporate Political ActivitySummaryKey Terms© 2015 Cengage Learning4Business Influence on Government and Public PolicyGovernment is a central stakeholder of business, and its interest is broad and multifaceted.Government’s power is derived from its legal and moral right to represent the public in its dealings with business. Society would be best served if the system maintained a balance of power, but a controversial U.S. Supreme Court ruling (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission) has left business with the power to drive the political agenda unchecked. © 2015 Cengage Learning5Corporate Political ParticipationPolitical Involvement - Participation in the formulation and execution of public policy at various levels of government.Two major approaches to corporate political activity:LobbyingPolitical spending © 2015 Cengage Learning6Business LobbyingLobbying - The process of influencing public officials to promote or secure passage or defeat of legislation.Lobbyists are intensely self-interested.Their goals are to promote legislation that is in the interest of their organization, and to defeat legislation that runs counter to that goal. Because of the large amounts of money involved, people will cross the legal and ethical line. Lawrence Lessig – “There’s all the difference in the world between a lawyer making an argument to the jury, and a lawyer handing out $100 bills to the jurors.”© 2015 Cengage Learning7Organizational Levels of Lobbying© 2015 Cengage Learning8What Business Lobbyists DoGet access to key legislatorsMonitor legislationEstablish communication channels with regulatory bodiesProtect firms against surprise legislationDraft legislation, slick ad campaigns, direct-mail campaignsProvide issue papers on anticipated effects of legislative activityCommunicate sentiments of association or company on key issuesInfluence outcome of legislationAssist companies in coalition building around issuesHelp members of Congress get reelectedOrganize grassroots efforts© 2015 Cengage Learning9Corporate Political SpendingCorporations must vet requests for political contributions to avoid “dangerous terrain.” Arguments for Political Spending - The Supreme Court decision in Citizens United ruled that government may not restrict corporate political spending, equating such spending with free speech. Unlimited spending creates an imbalance of power.Arguments against Political Spending -Business is not likely to focus on the common good.The Golden Rule of Politics – He who has the gold, rules. © 2015 Cengage Learning10Grassroots LobbyingGrassroots LobbyingMobilizing the “grassroots,” which are individual citizens who might be most directly affected by legislative activity, to political action.CyberadvocacyUsing the Internet to amass grassroots support and enable grassroots supporters to contact their legislators.© 2015 Cengage Learning11Grassroots Lobbying (continued)Astroturf Lobbying/Grasstops LobbyingFake groups that appear to be genuinely grassroots but are largely created and funded by a professional organization or trade association.© 2015 Cengage Learning12Trade Association LobbyingThe Center for Political Accountability revealed that trade associations helped companies conceal and spend over $100 million in just one year.Industry-level lobbying is common.© 2015 Cengage Learning13Umbrella OrganizationsTwo major U.S. umbrella organizationsChamber of Commerce of the United StatesNational Association of Manufacturers (NAM)Other umbrella organizationsBusiness Roundtable National Federation of Independent Businesses (NFIB)© 2015 Cengage Learning14Coalition BuildingCoalitionForms when distinct groups or parties realize they have something in common that might warrant their joining forces for joint action.Building a coalitionManage the sequence in which issues are addressed. Increase the visibility of certain issues.Unbundle issues into smaller sub-issues.© 2015 Cengage Learning15Political Action CommitteesPolitical Action Committees (PACs) - are committees organized to raise and spend money for political candidates, ballot initiatives, and proposed legislation.Connected PAC – is associated with a specific group or organization, and can only raise money from that group. Nonconnected PAC – can accept funds from any individual or organization, including a connected PAC, as long as those contributions are legal. © 2015 Cengage Learning16Top 10 PAC Contributors to Federal CandidatesNational Association of RealtorsNational Beer Wholesalers AssociationHoneywell International Operating Engineers UnionNational Auto Dealers AssociationInternational Brotherhood of Electrical WorkersAmerican Bankers AssociationAT&T, Inc.American Association for JusticeCredit Union National Association© 2015 Cengage Learning17The Impact of Super PACS© 2015 Cengage Learning18Super PACS have facilitated outside spending in politics, and the effect has been huge. Outside spending in presidential elections has gone from $17 million in 1992 to almost $1.3 billion in 2012. 72% of money spent in 2010 came from groups that were barred from making political contributions in 2006. 47% of outside spending now comes from donors whose identities are not disclosed. Super PACs are still relatively new, so their full impact is not yet known. Agency IssuesAgency issues arise when actions of managers are not in the shareholders’ best interests. Corporate political spending, like all corporate spending, should have the best interests of the firm, its shareholders and its stakeholders in mind.Political spending should not provide an opportunity for managers to pursue their own agendas, or for trade associations to pursue theirs. © 2015 Cengage Learning19Political Accountability and Transparency (1 of 2)Political accountability – an assumption of responsibility for political actions, and a willingness to answer for them.Today, corporations have unprecedented freedom to pursue their political agendas; restrictions on the money they can spend are gone.Multiple opportunities exist to hide the nature of their activities from public view. This freedom brings a duty for corporations to be responsible; a movement to promote corporate political accountability has formed. © 2015 Cengage Learning20Political Accountability and Transparency (1 of 2)Transparency– has become a major issue because much of today’s corporate political activity is outside public view. Dark Money is the term which refers to the political contributions from undisclosed donors - more than $300 million in the 2012 presidential election. Ads funded by dark money tend to be “the most vicious.”Advocacy is best understood when one knows the motives of the person making the arguments. Voters have a right to know who is making the arguments. © 2015 Cengage Learning21Strategies for Corporate Political ActivityThe purpose of political strategy is “to secure a position of advantage regarding a given regulation or piece of legislation, to gain control of an idea or a movement and deflect it from the firm, or to deal with a local community group on an issue of importance.”Three types of strategies that companies use to interact in the political arena –Information Strategy (provide information)Financial Incentives Strategy (make contributions)Constituency Building Strategy (mobilizing others to work together) © 2015 Cengage Learning22Financial Performance Outcomes Studies to determine whether corporate political spending influences political decisions have mixed results. A meta-analysis found that corporate political activity had a consistent positive relationship with a firm’s financial performance, but generic results are of limited value because the outcomes occur in a variety of contexts. Context matters, and strategies that work in one situation will not necessarily work in another. A 2013 study found a negative association between political investments and market performance. © 2015 Cengage Learning23Ad hoc coalitionAstroturf lobbyingCitizens United v. Federal Election CommissionCoalitionCompany lobbyingConnected PACCyberadvocacyDark money501©(4)s527sGolden Rule of Politicsgrassroots lobbyingIndependent expenditure-only committeeLeadership PAClobbyingNonconnected PACPolitical accountabilityPolitical action committees (PACs)Political involvementSectoral trade associationSpeechnow v. Federal Election CommissionTransparencyUmbrella trade associationsKey Terms © 2015 Cengage Learning24Organizational Levels of LobbyingPACsInstruments through which business uses financial resources to influence government.Coalition BuildingBusiness and other groups joining forces to achieve common goals.Political StrategyTo secure position of advantage regarding a given regulation or piece of legislation..© 2015 Cengage Learning25