Factors affecting the entrepreneurial intention of technical students: Case study of students at Hanoi University of Science and Technology

.811 0.000 0.000 Attitude towards entrepreneurship Direct 0.000 0.000 0.000 Indirect 0.493 0.000 0.000 Total 0.493 0.608 0.000 Entrepreneurial intention Direct 0.000 0.350 0.585 Indirect 0.573 0.356 0.000 Total 0.573 0.706 0.585 5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Survey results show some characteristics of the sample as follow: the percentage of male students is four time higher than that of female students, 50 percent of the surveyed students come from farming families and more than 50 percent of them have part time jobs. The high percentage of male students reflect the reality that the technical majors are still the choice of male students rather than the female ones. This study also shows the clear impact of attitude towards entrepreneurship and perceived feasibility on entrepreneurial intention. Particularly, perceived feasibility has both direct and indirect impact on entrepreneurial intention. This result is similar to previous studies of Krueger et al. (2000), Linan & Chen (2009). The research results also bring some important implications for universities to nurture, foster students’ entrepreneurial intention. Universities may raise the perceived feasibility of entrepreneurship for students through a number of activities such as (i) providing courses and subjects related to business administration, entrepreneurship for technical students; (ii) building the network of alumni and funds supporting entrepreneurship; (iii) establishing information centers to support entrepreneurship and (iv) organizing startup and innovation contests in universities. The universities may also raise the positive attitude towards entrepreneurship through communication activities about the benefits of startup activities. It is also necessary to build up the ancedotes and successful startup stories of students to nurture and enhance their entrepreneurial intention. Personal expectation and subjective norms are not proved to have either direct or indirect impact on entrepreneurial intention of students. This result should be explained in the specific research context. For the personal expectation, the items focus on some aspects such as developing startup project, establishing new enterprise which belong to the economics knowledge. Currently, HUST does not have courses about entrepreneurship for technical students. This fact may be the reason that surveyed students do not have clear perception of their expectation about entrepreneurship, then this factor does not foster positive attitude towards entrepreneurship. Subjective norms are not shown in this study that they affect students’ 64 HỘI THẢO KHOA HỌC QUỐC TẾ KHỞI NGHIỆP ĐỔI MỚI SÁNG TẠO QUỐC GIA entrepreneurial intention. It is explained that students are quite independent in making decision so that they are not heavily affected by external factors. According Bagozzi (1992), those independent and highly determined individuals have the tendency to decrease the impact of external ideas on their intention or decision. Thus, this study finding can be accepted because the majority of HUST students are male who are often more determined and independent than female ones (Hofstede, 1984). Although this research achieved its objectives, there are still some limitations. Firstly, the survey focuses on only one technical university so that the research findings are limited to the surveyed sample. Secondly, in this study, the authors do not focus personal traits that may have impact on entrepreneurial intention. It is suggested that further studies may expand the survey area and include the personal traits in the research model. REFERENCES Ajzen, I. (1991), The theory of planned behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. Ajzen, I. (2002), Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned Behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-683. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1978), Use and misuse of Bayes’ theorum in causal attribution: Don’t attribute it to Ajzen and Fishbein either, Psychological Bulletin, 85(2), 244–246. Alsos, G.A., Carter, S., Ljunggren, E. & Welter, F. (2011), Developing synergies between entrepreneurship and agriculture, Handbook on Entrepreneurship in Agriculture and Rural Development, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham and Northampton, MA. Anderson, A. R., & Jack, S. L. (2002), The articulation of social capital in entrepreneurial networks: a glue or a lubricant?, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 14(3), 193-210. Ang, S. H., & Hong, D. G. (2000), Entrepreneurial spirit among east Asian Chinese, Thunderbird International Business Review, 42(3), 285-309. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001), Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review, British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499. Autio, E., H. Keeley, R., Klofsten, M., Parker, G., & Hay, M. (2001), Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA, Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 2(2), 145-160. Autio, E., Keeley, R. H., Klofsten, M., & Ulfstedt, T. (1997), Entrepreneurial intent among students: testing an intent model in Asia, Scandinavia and USA, 133-147. Bagozzi, R. P. (1992), The self-regulation of attitudes, intentions, and behavior, Social Psychology Quarterly, 178-204. Báo Nhân dân điện tử (2016), cả nước có 225 nghìn cử nhân, thạc sĩ thất nghiệp, có sẵn tại < xahoi/tin-tuc/item/29698402-ca-nuoc-co-225-nghin-cu-nhan-thac-si-that-nghiep.html> truy cập ngày 15/01/2017. Baumol, W. J. (2004). Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State. In The encyclopedia of public choice (937- 940). Springer US. Begley, T. M., Tan, W. L., Larasati, A. B., Rab, A., Zamora, E., & Nanayakara, G. (1997), The relationship between socio- cultural dimensions and interest in starting a business: a multi-country study, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 7. Boulton, C., & Turner, P. (2006), Mastering Business in Asia: Entrepreneurship, John Wiley & Sons. Comrey, A.L., & Lee, H.B. (1992), A first course in factor analysis, Hilsdale, New York, Erlbaun Delmar, F., Davidsson, P., & Gartner, W. B. (2003), ‘Arriving at the high-growth firm’, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 189-216. 65 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE STARTUP AND INNOVATION NATION Devonish, D., Alleyne, P., Charles-Soverall, W., Young Marshall, A., & Pounder, P. (2010), Explaining entrepreneurial intentions in the Caribbean. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(2), 149-171. Drennan, J., Kennedy, J., & Renfrow, P. (2005), ‘Impact of childhood experiences on the development of entrepreneurial intentions’, The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6(4), 231-238. Edwards-Schachter, M., Garcia-Granero, A., Sanchez-Barrioluengo, M., Quesada-Pineda, H., & Amara, N. (2015), ‘Disentangling competences: Interrelationships on creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship’, Thinking Skills and Creativity, 16, 27-39. Fayolle, A. (2013), ‘Personal views on the future of entrepreneurship education’, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(7-8), 692-701. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975), Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA Hofstede, G. (1984), Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values, 5th ed., Sage Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. & Tatham, R.L. (2006), Mutilvariate data analysis, 6th ed., Upper Saddle River NJ, Prentice –Hall Hooper, D., Couglan, J., & Mullen, M.R. (2008), ‘Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit’, Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. A. (2013), Entrepreneurship, 9thed. New York: McGraw Hill. Kibler, E., Kautonen, T., & Fink, M. (2014), ‘Regional social legitimacy of entrepreneurship: Implications for entrepreneurial intention and startup behaviour’, Regional Studies, 48(6), 995-1015. Kline, R.B. 2011, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3th ed, Guilford Press Kickul, J. R., Gundry, L. K., & Sampson, S. D. (2007), ‘Women entrepreneurs preparing for growth: The influence of social capital and training on resource acquisition’, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 169-181. Krueger, N. (1993), ‘The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability’, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5-22. Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000), Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5), 411-432. Koh, H. C (1996), ‘Testing hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics: A study of Hong Kong MBA students’, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 11(3), 12-25. Linan, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009), ‘Development and Cross‐Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617. Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003), ‘The ‘making’of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT’, R&D Management, 33(2), 135-147. Mellor, R. (2008), Entrepreneurship for everyone: A student textbook, Sage. Moica, S., Socaciu, T., & Rădulescu, E. (2012), Model innovation system for economic development using entrepreneurship education, Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, 521-526. Nguyen, T. V., Bryant, S. E., Rose, J., Tseng, C. H., & Kapasuwan, S. (2009), Cultural values, market institutions, and entrepreneurship potential: A comparative study of the United States, Taiwan, and Vietnam, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 14(01), 21-37. Schillo, R. S., Persaud, A., & Jin, M. (2016), ‘Entrepreneurial readiness in the context of national systems of entrepreneurship’, Small Business Economics, 46(4), 619-637. Tella, A., & Issa, A. O. (2013), ‘An examination of library and information science undergraduate students’ career aspirations in entrepreneurship and self-employment’, Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship, 18(2), 129-145. 66 HỘI THẢO KHOA HỌC QUỐC TẾ KHỞI NGHIỆP ĐỔI MỚI SÁNG TẠO QUỐC GIA Thompson, E. R. (2009), ‘Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694. Nguyễn Đình Thọ & Nguyễn Thị Mai Trang (2009), Nghiên cứu khoa học trong quản trị kinh doanh, Nhà xuất bản Thống kê. Timmons, J. A., & Spinelli, S. (1999), New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century, Singapore: McGrawHill. Nguyễn Thu Thuỷ (2014), ‘Nghiên cứu các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến tiềm năng khởi sự kinh doanh của sinh viên đại học’, Luận án tiến sỹ, Đại học Kinh tế Quốc dân Phan Anh Tú & Giang Thị Cẩm Tiên (2015), ‘Nghiên cứu các nhân tố ảnh hưởng tới ý định định khởi sự doanh nghiệp: Trường hợp sinh viên khoa kinh tế và quản trị kinh doanh Trường Đại học Cần Thơ’, Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ, 38, 59 – 66. VCCI (2016), ‘Nghịch lý doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ’, có sẵn tại < voi-doanh-nghie%CC%A3p-vu%CC%80a-va%CC%80-nho%CC%89> Truy cập ngày 11/02/2017. Wilbard, F. (2009), ‘Entrepreneurship proclivity: an exploratory study on students’ entrepreneurship intention’, Master thesis, University of Agder.