Bài giảng Well drilling engineering - Chapter 7: Casing design - Đỗ Quang Khánh

1 Well Drilling Engineering  Casing Design Dr. DO QUANG KHANH 2 Casing Design Why Run Casing? Types of Casing Strings Classification of Casing Wellheads Burst, Collapse and Tension Example Effect of Axial Tension on Collapse Strength Example 3 Read Applied Drilling Engineering, Ch.7 HW # 4 Casing Design Why run casing? 1. To prevent the hole from caving in 2. Onshore - to prevent contamination of fresh water sands 3. To prevent water migration to producing formation What is casing? Casing Cement 5 Casing Design - Why run casing, cont’d 4. To confine production to the wellbore 5. To control pressures during drilling 6. To provide an acceptable environment for subsurface equipment in producing wells 7. To enhance the probability of drilling to total depth (TD) e.g., you need 14 ppg to control a lower zone, but an upper zone will fracture at 12 lb/gal. What do you do? 6 Types of Strings of Casing 1. Drive pipe or structural pile {Gulf Coast and offshore only} 150’-300’ below mudline . 2. Conductor string. 100’ - 1,600’ (BML) 3. Surface pipe. 2,000’ - 4,000’ (BML) Diameter Example 16”-60” 30” 16”-48” 20” 8 5/8”-20” 13 3/8” 7 Types of Strings of Casing 4. Intermediate String 5. Production String (Csg.) 6. Liner(s) 7. Tubing String(s) 7 5/8”-13 3/8” 9 5/8” Diameter Example 4 1/2”-9 5/8” 7” 8 Example Hole and String Sizes (in) Structural casing Conductor string Surface pipe IntermediateString Production Liner Hole Size 30” 20” 13 3/8 9 5/8 7 Pipe Size 36” 26” 17 1/2 12 1/4 8 3/4 9 Example Hole and String Sizes (in) Structural casing Conductor string Surface pipe IntermediateString Production Liner Hole Size 30” 20” 13 3/8 9 5/8 7 Pipe Size 36” 26” 17 1/2 12 1/4 8 3/4 10 Example Hole and String Sizes (in) Structural casing Conductor string Surface pipe IntermediateString Production Liner 250’ 1,000’ 4,000’ Mudline 11 Classification of CSG. 1. Outside diameter of pipe (e.g. 9 5/8”) 2. Wall thickness (e.g. 1/2”) 3. Grade of material (e.g. N-80) 4. Type to threads and couplings (e.g. API LCSG) 5. Length of each joint (RANGE) (e.g. Range 3) 6. Nominal weight (Avg. wt/ft incl. Wt. Coupling) (e.g. 47 lb/ft) 12 s e 13 Length of Casing Joints RANGE 1 16-25 ft RANGE 2 25-34 ft RANGE 3 > 34 ft. 14 Casing Threads and Couplings API round threads - short { CSG } API round thread - long { LCSG } Buttress { BCSG } Extreme line { XCSG } Other See Halliburton Book... 15 API Design Factors (typical) Collapse 1.125 Tension 1.8 Burst 1.1 Required 10,000 psi 100,000 lbf 10,000 psi Design 11,250 psi 180,000 lbf 11,000 psi 16 Normal Pore Pressure Abnormal Pore Pressure 0.433 - 0.465 psi/ft g p > normal Abnormal 17 Design from bottom 18 X-mas Tree Wing Valve Choke Box Master Valves Wellhead Hang Csg. Strings Provide Seals Control Production from Well Press. Gauge 19 Wellhead 20 Wellhead 21 Casing Design Burst: Assume full reservoir pressure all along the wellbore. Collapse: Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth Tension: Tensile stress due to weight of string is highest at top STRESS Tension Burst Collapse Collapse Tension Depth Burst 22 Casing Design Collapse (from external pressure) Yield Strength Collapse Plastic Collapse Transition Collapse Elastic Collapse Collapse pressure is affected by axial stress 23 Casing Design - Collapse 24 Casing Design - Tension 25 Casing Design - Burst (from internal pressure) Internal Yield Pressure for pipe Internal Yield Pressure for couplings Internal pressure leak resistance p p Internal Pressure 26 Casing Design - Burst Example 1 Design a 7” Csg . String to 10,000 ft . Pore pressure gradient = 0.5 psi/ft Design factor, N i =1.1 Design for burst only. 27 Burst Example 1. Calculate probable reservoir pressure. 2. Calculate required pipe internal yield pressure rating 28 Example 3. Select the appropriate csg. grade and wt. from the Halliburton Cementing tables : Burst Pressure required = 5,500 psi 7”, J-55, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 4,980 psi 7”, N-80, 23 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 6,340 psi 7”, N-80, 26 lb/ft has BURST Rating of 7,249 psi Use N-80 Csg., 23 lb/ft 29 30 23 lb/ft 26 lb/ft N-80 31 Collapse Pressure The following factors are important: The collapse pressure resistance of a pipe depends on the axial stress There are different types of collapse failure 32 Collapse Pressure There are four different types of collapse pressure, each with its own equation for calculating the collapse resistance: Yield strength collapse Plastic collapse Transition collapse Elastic collapse 33 Casing Design Collapse pressure - with axial stress 1. Y PA = yield strength of axial stress equivalent grade, psi Y P = minimum yield strength of pipe, psi S A = Axial stress, psi (tension is positive) 34 Casing Design - Collapse 2. Calculate D/t to determine proper equation to use for calculating the collapse pressure Yield Strength Collapse : Plastic Collapse: 35 Transition Collapse: Elastic Collapse: Casing Design - Collapse, cont’d 36 If Axial Tension is Zero: Yield Strength Plastic Transition Elastic J-55 14.81 25.01 37.31 N-80 13.38 22.47 31.02 P-110 12.44 20.41 26.22 Casing Design - Collapse 37 Example 2 Determine the collapse strength of 5 1/2” O.D., 14.00 #/ft J-55 casing under zero axial load. 1. Calculate the D/t ratio: 38 Example 2 2. Check the mode of collapse Table on p.35 (above) shows that, for J-55 pipe, with 14.81 < D/t < 25.01 the mode of failure is plastic collapse . 39 Example 2 The plastic collapse is calculated from: Halliburton Tables rounds off to 3,120 psi 40 Example 3 Determine the collapse strength for a 5 1/2” O.D. , 14.00 #/ft , J-55 casing under axial load of 100,000 lbs The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure as follows: 41 Example 3 cont’d The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure rating to: Here the axial load decreased the J-55 rating to an equivalent “J-38.2” rating 42 Example 3 - cont’d compared to 3,117 psi with no axial stress! 43 44