Bài giảng Quản trị kinh doanh - Designing messages with words

2/ePPT 6DesigningMessageswithWordsMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCan We Talk?Verbal communicationuse of any linguistic symbols—spoken, sign, or written language—to accomplish message goalsWhat Is a Verbal Style?Verbal styleour particular choice of words, phrase or sentence arrangements, and the formality of expression we useCan We Talk?Because it uses words, sign language is verbal communication.© Jon Lee/MasterfileCan We Talk?Types of Verbal StylesExpressive and supportiveDynamicCombativeMinimalistSubtextualCan We Talk?Types of Verbal Styles (continued)DescriptiveAuthoritativeLow keyDemonstrativeTalk about MeaningDenotation literal or common description of a word that can be found in a dictionaryConnotation personal or emotional feelings that we associate with wordsSpeaking of RulesSpeech rulesVerbal rules we use during interaction1.  Grammatical rulessentence construction, the arrangement of words, syntax, and language fluidity2.  Talking and interaction rulestopic relevance, turn taking, length of talk time, silence, and claritySpeaking of Rules3.  Social rulesgreetings, appropriate word usage, style of expression, and ambiguity4.  Semantical rulesdenotative and connotative meanings of the words we useWhat Are You Talking About?Jargonspecialized language used by members of a specific profession or field that denotes technical knowledgeSlanginformal set of terms used within a social group or cultureWhat Are You Talking About?Language LimitationsIntensifiersQualifiersTag questionsAdjective crammingEuphemismsWhat Are You Talking About?Abstractionusing complicated rather than concrete languageBypassingwhen different meanings are associated with the same word symbol or different symbols are used to identify the same idea or objectWhat Are You Talking About?Fact inferencejumping to conclusionsMisused words words are misappliedOvergeneralizationuse of sweeping statements that do not provide enough informationWhat Are You Talking About?Extremismto see the world simplistically, in black and white, rather than in shades of grayInflexibilityrigidity in our awareness of the world around usMust We Talk?Stage frightis one of themost common forms of communication apprehension.FIGURE 6.1 Communication ApprehensionMust We Talk?Communication apprehension (CA)experience of feeling anxious or uneasy about communicating with other peopleWhy Are We Scared?IntroversionAlienationLow self-esteemCultural divergencePoor communication skillsCommunication incompetenceUsing Persuasion and Building ArgumentsPersuasionprocess of attempting to influence people’s behavior, attitudes, or beliefsArgumentstatement or series of statements aimed at influencing behavior, attitudes, and beliefs through reasoningUsing Persuasion and Building ArgumentsGroundsreasons or evidence used to support an argumentWarrantsreasoning; making a relationship of the evidence to the claimClaimstatement of fact or opinionUsing Persuasion and Building ArgumentsReasons and ReasoningReasonsstatements of evidence, support, or proof used in an argumentReasoningability to see connections between ideas and evidence and to use reasons as building blocks to support your conclusionUsing Persuasion and Building ArgumentsReasons and Reasoning (continued)Deductive reasoningmoves from general principles to specific instancesInductive reasoningmoves from specific instances to general conclusionsUsing Persuasion and Building ArgumentsAppealing to Your AudienceEthosCredibility determined by an audience but established by a speakerPathosuse of emotion to persuade an audienceLogosproof in the form of evidence or reasonsUsing Persuasion and Building ArgumentsOne-Sided and Two-Sided ArgumentsOne-sided argumentpresentation of only one point of view or one side of an issueTwo-sided argumentpresents both sides of an issue—not only the speaker’s position but also opposing views?Questions