Bài giảng môn Quản trị kinh doanh - Chapter 12: Logistics: positioning goods in the supply chain

Chapter 12Logistics:Positioning Goods in the Supply Chain1Learning ObjectivesUnderstand and describe the logistics function and its importance to business.Describe the concept of logistics networks.Explain why businesses outsource logistics functions and issues to consider when selecting a logistics service provider.Explain what reverse logistics is and why its importance is increasing.Describe and compare the modes of transportation used in supply chains.Describe the configuration of different warehousing and distribution strategies, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each.Explain the concept of postponement and how it can be used in supply chains.Compute the center-of-gravity solution for determining distribution center location.Compute the landed cost to determine product costs that include logistics.Describe the Customer-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)Explain how radio frequency identification (RFID) and global positioning system (GPS) technologies can enhance logistics effectiveness.2Introduction to Logistics“the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.”Exhibit 12.1 Logistics and the Supply Chain3Logistics Network Configuration Costs are incurred and time is required to move goods from raw materials to consumers.An important task for supply chain management is to determine distances and how travel will take place.Logistics networks include warehouses, production facilities, retailers, and the inventory that flows between them.4Outsourcing Logistics ServicesThird party providers are known as 3PLs3PLs can be narrow in focus or quite broad53PL SelectionSteps to selecting a 3PLExhibit 12.2 Ten Steps to Selecting a 3PL6Reverse LogisticsThe flow of goods back to their producerIncreasing in importanceOften outsourcesExhibit 12.3 Reverse Logistics Paths for Product Returns7Transportation ModesU.S. Commercial Freight Activity by Transportation ModeTruck is the largest mode.Air is fastest growing8Road Transport Truck is most commonly used cargo modeMost goods transportation ends with a truck deliveryFTL is the cheapest. LTL costs more.9Rail Transport Less flexible than truck. But less costly over long distances.Trend is toward specialty wagons.Double stacking is becoming more common.10Marine Transport Breakbulk ships carry loose freightContainerships carry containers.Faster loading and unloadingEasy transfer to rail or truck 11Pipeline Least flexibleOften used to transport between isolated areasHigh initial investment, but low operating costs12Intermodal TransportAt least two different modes are usedMarine/rail, rail/road, marine/road, marine/rail/road, etc.Integrated transport carriers use whatever is bestCustomer doesn’t have to deal with modes and is given total cost up frontUtilizes containerized shipping.13Incoterms: International Carriage Not Paid By the Seller FCA stands for Free Carrier. The seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier the buyer specifies, at a named location, not loaded. The seller’s responsibility is fulfilled when he delivers the goods to the carrier.FAS means Free Alongside Ship. The seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This is specifically used for ocean shipments that aren’t containerized.FOB stands for Free on Board. FOB means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. The buyer is responsible for costs and risks as soon as the goods pass the ship’s rail. 14Incoterms: International Carriage Paid By the SellerCFR designates Cost and Freight. The seller is responsible for the cost and fright required to bring the goods to the named destination, but risks become the buyers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. CIF means Cost, Insurance, and Freight. This is the same a CFR, except that the seller is responsible for insurance against loss or damage. CPT stands for Carriage Paid To. The seller is responsible for the cost of freight to the named destination. The risks associated with loss, damage, or cost increases becomes the buyer’s when the goods have been delivered to the custody of the first carrier. CIP stands for Carriage and Insurance Paid To. This is the same as CPT, except the seller is responsible for transport insurance against loss or damage. 15Incoterms: Arrival at Stated Destination DAF stands for Delivered at Frontier. DAF means that the seller’s responsibility stops when the goods have arrived at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country specified in the contract. DES stands for Delivered Ex Ship. DES means that the seller’s responsibility ends upon placement of the goods at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship at the named port of destination. DEQ stands for Delivered Ex Quay. DEQ means that the sellers obligation is fulfilled when the goods are made available on the quay (wharf) to the buyer at the named port of discharge. DDU stands for Delivered Duty Unpaid. DDU means that the seller’s responsibility goes up to the point when the goods have been made available to the buyer at the named place in the country of importation. The buyer has to pay all duties, taxes, and customs charges required for importation.DDP stands for Delivered Duty Paid. DDP is like DDU in that the seller’s obligation ends when the goods have been made available to the buyer at the named place in the country of importation. However, the seller is responsible for all duties, taxes, and customs charges.16Transportation Management SystemsIntegrate transportation decisions with inventory and warehousing, order management, forecasting, and production planning.17WarehousingDistribution Strategies:18Direct ShipmentShipping directly from manufacturer to retailerEliminates warehouse costsProbably won’t take advantage of FTL transportation savings.High inventory level needed19Consolidation WarehousingStorage in warehouse, then shipped.More likely to use FTLsRisk pooling benefits of reduced inventory in systemUsed in combination with postponement20Cross-DockingMost sophisticated systemHigh cost, but very efficientUsed by high-volume retailers like Wal-Mart and dollar GeneralFTL bulk shipments to cross-dock center, then FTL mixed loads to retailers21Warehouse Location DecisionsCenter-of-gravity method: used for locating a distribution center among warehouses or retail stores.Finds the “most central location” for the DC by calculating the X and Y coordinates that minimize transportation costs.Considers distance between the DC and warehouses or stores as well as the number of shipments necessary between them22Location Decision-Making Techniques:Center-of-Gravity MethodCx = ΣdixViΣ ViCy = ΣdiyViΣ ViwhereCx = X coordinate of the center of gravityCy = Y coordinate of the center of gravitydix = X coordinate of the ith locationdiy = Y coordinate of the ith locationVi = Volume of goods moved to or from the ith location23Location Decision-Making Techniques:Center-of-Gravity ExampleExample 12.1Regional bottler finding good location for a new facilityUses data on the locations of its four suppliers and the number of truckloads shipped from eachExhibit 12.6 Graphical Representation of Supplier Locations24Location Decision-Making Techniques:Center-of-Gravity ExampleExample 12.1For the cardboard and paper supplier, dix = 60, diy = 290, and Vi = 13Exhibit 12.7 X and Y Coordinates for SuppliersCx = ΣdixViΣ ViCy = ΣdiyViΣ Vi25Location Decision-Making Techniques: Center-of-Gravity ExampleFrequency of deliveriesExhibit 12.8 Truckloads per Month26Location Decision-Making Techniques:Center-of-Gravity ExampleSolution:Cx = (60 x 13) + (340 x 15) + (120 x 19) + (440 x 60) 13 + 15 + 19 + 60 = 322.99Cy = (290 x 13) + (280 x 15) + ( 200 x 19) + (110 x 60) 13 + 15 + 19 + 60 = 171.68Locate DC at coordinates (322.99, 171.68)27Location Decision-Making Techniques:Center-of-Gravity ExampleExample 12.1The coordinates for the center-of-gravity location are approximately (323, 172)Exhibit 12.9 Center-of-Gravity Location28Supply Chain SecurityCustoms-trade partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)Voluntary certificationMust comply with guidelines and submit security profile questionnaireBenefits include expedited processing at borders and reduced delivery times.Exhibit 12.10 C-TPAT Certification29Information TechnologyRadio Frequency Identification (RFID)RFID tags emit a signal that can be read at a distance.The signal contains a unique identifier that can be read by a readerInformation about the item can be stored on a host computerRFID can be used to aid in inventory counts, security, product tracking, etc. 30Information TechnologyRadio Frequency Identification (RFID)Each tag has a unique identifier that uses the electronic product code (EPC) format.Exhibit 12.12 EPC Format31Information TechnologyPotential RFID Applications:32Information TechnologyGlobal Positioning systemsDetermine precise locations using satellites.Used to monitor vehicle locationsEstimate arrival timesUpdate customers on delaysIncrease security33Logistics CostsExample 12.2: Landed Cost computationsConvert all logistics-related costs to a per unit basis for comparisonExhibit 12.14 Landed Cost Computations34